If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the Reset Password button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password
If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password
Address for reprints: Paul Kurlansky, MD, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, Neurological Institute 554, 710 West 168th St, New York, NY 10032.
Department of Surgery, Center for Innovation and Outcomes Research, Columbia University, New York, NYDivision of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY
To determine whether there are racial disparities associated with mortality, cost, and length of hospital stay after surgical repair of type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD).
Methods
Patient data from 2015 to 2018 were collected using the National Inpatient Sample. In-hospital mortality was the primary outcome. Multivariable logistical modeling was used to identify factors independently associated with mortality.
Results
Among 3952 admissions, 2520 (63%) were White, 848 (21%) were Black/African American, 310 (8%) were Hispanic, 146 (4%) were Asian and Pacific Islander (API), and 128 (3%) were classified as Other. Black/African American and Hispanic admissions presented with TAAAD at a median age of 54 years and 55 years, respectively, whereas White and API admissions presented at a median age of 64 years and 63 years, respectively (P < .0001). Additionally, there were higher percentages of Black/African American (54%; n = 450) and Hispanic (32%; n = 94) admissions living in ZIP codes with the lowest median household income quartile. Despite these differences on presentation, when adjusting for age and comorbidity, there was no independent association between race and in-hospital mortality and no significant interactions between race and income on in-hospital mortality.
Conclusions
Black and Hispanic admissions present with TAAAD a decade earlier than White and API admissions. Additionally, Black and Hispanic TAAAD admissions are more likely to come from lower-income households. After adjusting for relevant cofactors, there was no independent association between race and in-hospital mortality after surgical treatment of TAAAD.
Black and Hispanic patients with type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD) present a decade earlier than White patients with TAAAD. However, there was no independent association between race and hospital mortality after TAAAD surgical treatment.
Although mortality rate of type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD) has been decreasing, few studies have investigated how mortality is distributed across race. Our findings suggest that Black and Hispanic patients with TAAAD are exposed to factors that predispose them to presenting a decade earlier than White patients with TAAAD. We found no independent association between race and mortality, but further investigation is needed to determine long-term outcomes.
See Commentary on page XXX.
Type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD) is a rare, yet severe cardiovascular disease (CVD), with an in-hospital mortality rate of 10% to 49%.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection: increasing prevalence and improved outcomes reported in a nationwide population-based study of more than 14 000 cases from 1987 to 2002.
Acute aortic dissection type A: age-related management and outcomes reported in the German Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A (GERAADA) of over 2000 patients.
Given its high mortality and morbidity, several studies have been dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of TAAAD, and mortality rates have decreased steadily over the past several decades.
Despite these advances, few comprehensive studies to date have investigated how these improvements in management have been distributed across race and ethnicity. This dearth of data is surprising given the significant evidence demonstrating a higher CVD burden in Black and nonwhite Hispanic patients. Several other demographic factors, such as insurance status, are significantly associated with severity of presentation and mortality from aortic procedures.
Similarly, Black and nonwhite Hispanic patients have a higher prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidemia, and are at greater risk of developing associated cardiovascular complications.
Given the existing CVD disparities, the emergent nature of TAAAD provides a unique window into the processes of surgical care. Our hypothesis was that the greater acuity of these patients would highlight or aggravate previously observed disparities in care. Further investigation might identify patient populations with a higher incidence and mortality and potentially determine opportunities for improvement in the delivery of equitable care. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify whether there are racial disparities associated with mortality, cost, and hospital length of stay (LOS) after surgical repair of TAAAD (Video Abstract).
Methods
Identifying the Cohort
Patient data were collected using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from the fourth quarter of 2015 through 2018 (n = 21,401,460). The NIS is the largest in-patient all-payer database that contains deidentified data from 20% of the nation's total discharges, representing >96% of the US population. The NIS is a restricted-access public release database and is a limited data set as defined by HIPAA [45 CFR §164.514(c)(2)]. Access is governed by a HIPAA-compliant restrictive data use agreement. This study was exempt from Institutional Review Board approval because the NIS contains deidentified patient information. Patient data in the NIS during this period were codified using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes.
The NIS database receives racial demographic data from state-level partner organizations but does not record how each state collects demographic data. The database contains RACE as a combined racial/ethnic demographic variable with the following options: White, Black, Hispanic, Asian and Pacific Islander, Native American, and Other. If a data source provided both racial and ethnic data for an admission (ie, race, Black; ethnicity, Hispanic), the NIS ethnic data take precedence.
Identifying the TAAAD Patient Population
Patients were identified as having a TAAAD using the following criteria. Patients with aortic dissection were identified using the thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic dissection ICD-10 codes (I71.01, I71.03; n = 18,431). Patients who underwent surgery for TAAAD were selected through any admission that included a surgical procedure code on the ascending aorta (n = 4943) (Table E1). It should be noted that coding of dissection does not permit distinction of ascending aortic dissection from any thoracic or thoracoabdominal dissection. Therefore, the only way to distinguish ascending aortic dissection was through the surgical codes, which make this distinction. Therefore, assessment of patients who may have presented with TAAAD but did not have surgery cannot be identified in this database. To distinguish patients with a TAAAD, nonelective admissions were selected (n = 4188) (Figure 1). We then stratified the patient population based on the RACE variable from the NIS and removed admissions with no associated RACE value (n = 236), which created a final cohort of 2520 White admissions, 848 Black/African American admissions, 310 Hispanic admissions, 146 API admissions, and 128 admissions identified as “Other.”
Figure 1Type A acute aortic dissection cohort selection was done using the National Inpatient Sample database for 2015 to 2018. Nonelective admissions were included if there was a thoracic or thoracoabdominal dissection diagnosis code and a surgical procedure code on the ascending aorta for a final cohort of 4204 admissions. This cohort was then stratified by the race variable. API, Asian and Pacific Islander.
Demographic data, including age, socioeconomic status, and insurance status, and hospital data, including teaching status, region, and bed size, are provided by the NIS for each admission. Comorbidity conditions, including hypertension, prior cardiac surgery, diabetes, and peripheral vascular disease 2, were defined by a combination of ICD-10 diagnosis and procedural codes and stratified by the NIS race category (Table E2).
Defining Outcomes
The primary outcome for the study was in-hospital mortality of TAAAD, measured by the DIED variable. Secondary outcomes included LOS and cost of stay (TOTCHG). All charges were adjusted using the cost-to-charge ratio data provided in supplemental NIS files. Postprocedural complications were identified as a secondary outcome by combining several ICD-10 diagnosis and procedural codes (Table E3). The metric “any complication” was defined as any admission containing any ICD-10 code that described a postprocedural complication. Because the NIS does not use “present on admission” modifiers, it was difficult to determine whether certain complications, such as stroke and renal failure, were antecedent or subsequent to the surgical procedure and therefore are not reported or included in the primary outcome analysis.
Statistical Analysis
To identify significant differences between racial groups in both the demographic and comorbid variables, we performed the chi-square or Fisher exact test, as appropriate, for frequency analysis of discrete variables. For continuous demographic variables, which were all non-normally distributed via Kolmogorov–Smirnov/Shapiro–Wilk tests, the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine significance. Factors that varied significantly among different racial groups were identified using a 2-sided P value < .05. These variables were included in a multivariable regression model to determine race’s independent impact on the primary and secondary outcomes. To minimize missing data (n = 322), the “missRanger” R package was used for imputation before regression modeling. Admissions with an ICD-10 code included in Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Turner syndrome, or congenital aortic insufficiency were excluded from multivariable regression modeling owing to insufficient sample size, per NIS HIPAA restrictions. The “other” racial category also was excluded from multivariable regression modeling. Two comorbidity index scores (readmit_score, mortal_score) were calculated using the Elixhauser Comorbidity software. Cubic spline regression was done to determine the relationship between the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index and mortality (Figure E1), and 0 was chosen as an inflection point to redefine the Elixhauser score as a dichotomous variable.
Results
Demographics
Using the NIS, from the fourth quarter of 2015 to 2018, we identified a final TAAAD cohort of 3952 patient admissions. Sixty-three percent of these admissions were White (n = 2520), 21% were Black/African American (n = 848), 8% were Hispanic (n = 310), 4% were API (n = 146), and 3% identified as Other (n = 128) (Figure 2).
Figure 2Type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD) cohort by race. The final cohort of TAAAD admissions included 2520 White admissions, 848 Black admissions, 310 Hispanic admissions, 146 Asian and Pacific Islander (API) admissions, and 128 admissions classified as Other.
The majority of admissions in each racial group were from large urban teaching hospitals (Table 1). Most of Black/African American (52%) and Hispanic (42%) admissions were in hospitals located in the South, and the majority of API (71%) admissions were at hospitals in the West. Conversely, White admissions were distributed evenly throughout the various hospital regions (P < .0001) (Table 1).
Table 1Demographic and comorbid characteristics of patients with TAAAD
Characteristic
White (N = 2520)
Black/African American (N = 848)
Hispanic (N = 310)
API (N = 146)
Other (N = 128)
P value
Demographics
Female sex, n (%)
876 (35)
290 (34)
82 (26)
58 (40)
50 (39)
.02
Age, yr, median (IQR)
64 (54-73)
54 (45-62)
55 (45-65)
63 (53-72)
57 (49.5-68.5)
<.0001
Insurance status, n (%)
<.0001
Medicare
1208 (48)
222 (26)
82 (26)
52 (36)
42 (33)
Medicaid
282 (11)
208 (25)
70 (23)
30 (21)
32 (25)
Private insurance
860 (34)
308 (37)
108 (35)
54 (37)
40 (32)
Self-pay
96 (4)
66 (8)
34 (11)
8 (5)
10 (8)
No charge
6 (0.2)
12 (1)
2 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Other
58 (2)
26 (3)
14 (5)
2 (1)
2 (2)
Median household income, percentile, n (%)
<.0001
0-25
522 (21)
450 (54)
94 (32)
14 (10)
34 (27)
26-50
582 (24)
154 (19)
64 (22)
32 (23)
28 (22)
51-75
684 (28)
120 (15)
82 (28)
22 (15)
20 (16)
75-100
676 (27)
102 (12)
56 (19)
74 (52)
44 (35)
Patient location, n (%)
<.0001
“Central” metro counties ≥1 million people
562 (23)
390 (47)
160 (54)
72 (51)
72 (57)
“Fringe” metro counties ≤1 million people
680 (27)
158 (19)
62 (21)
28 (20)
38 (30)
Metro counties with 250,000-999,999 people
560 (22)
162 (19)
58 (19)
30 (21)
8 (6)
Metro counties with 50,000-249,999 people
258 (10)
54 (6)
6 (2)
6 (4)
2 (2)
Micropolitan counties
262 (11)
28 (3)
4 (1)
2 (1)
4 (3)
Non-metro/micropolitan counties
172 (7)
44 (5)
8 (3)
4 (3)
2 (2)
Hospital region, n (%)
<.0001
Northeast
546 (22)
102 (12)
52 (17)
10 (7)
48 (38)
Midwest
602 (24)
214 (25)
12 (4)
20 (14)
14 (11)
South
762 (30)
438 (52)
130 (42)
12 (8)
32 (25)
West
610 (24)
94 (11)
116 (37)
104 (71)
34 (27)
Hospital division, n (%)
<.0001
New England
166 (7)
20 (2)
12 (4)
2 (1)
4 (3)
Middle Atlantic
380 (15)
82 (10)
40 (13)
8 (5)
44 (34)
East North Central
404 (16)
182 (21)
6 (2)
10 (7)
12 (9)
West North Central
198 (8)
32 (4)
6 (2)
10 (7)
2 (2)
South Atlantic
432 (17)
268 (32)
72 (23)
8 (5)
16 (13)
East South Central
154 (6)
76 (9)
6 (2)
2 (1)
0 (0)
West South Central
176 (7)
94 (11)
52 (17)
2 (1)
16 (13)
Mountain
188 (7)
22 (3)
16 (5)
4 (3)
2 (2)
Pacific
422 (17)
72 (8)
100 (32)
100 (68)
32 (25)
Hospital size, n (%)
.42
Small
142 (6)
46 (5)
16 (5)
10 (7)
8 (6)
Medium
452 (18)
130 (15)
56 (18)
18 (12)
16 (13)
Large
1926 (76)
672 (79)
238 (77)
118 (81)
104 (81)
Hospital teaching status, n (%)
.0003
Rural
26 (1)
4 (1)
2 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Urban nonteaching
196 (9)
28 (4)
22 (8)
14 (11)
6 (5)
Urban teaching
2012 (90)
722 (96)
250 (91)
118 (89)
108 (95)
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension
1982 (79)
784 (92)
274 (88)
122 (84)
110 (86)
<.0001
Peripheral vascular disease
48 (2)
24 (3)
2 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
.02
Chronic ischemic heart disease
610 (24)
150 (18)
52 (17)
28 (19)
26 (20)
.0002
Cardiac inflammation
14 (1)
2 (0.2)
0 (0)
2 (1)
0 (0)
.19
History of transient ischemic attack/cerebral infarction
110 (4)
26 (3)
22 (7)
4 (3)
10 (8)
.009
History of circulatory disease
80 (3)
22 (3)
2 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
.005
Prior cardiac surgery
232 (9)
50 (6)
24 (8)
10 (7)
12 (9)
.04
Presence of cardiac pacemaker
52 (2)
8 (1)
2 (1)
2 (1)
0 (0)
.05
Preoperative shock
576 (23)
166 (20)
78 (25)
26 (18)
24 (19)
.09
Aortic aneurysm
274 (11)
68 (8)
24 (8)
16 (11)
28 (22)
<.0001
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
336 (13)
108 (13)
16 (5)
14 (10)
18 (14)
.001
Diabetes
188 (7)
106 (13)
36 (12)
10 (7)
4 (3)
<.0001
Chronic kidney disease
346 (13.7)
280 (33)
70 (22.6)
26 (17.8)
18 (14.1)
<.0001
Obesity
278 (11)
150 (18)
50 (16)
6 (4)
12 (9)
<.0001
Noncompliance
4 (0.2)
4 (0.5)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
.35
Marfan disease
48 (1.9)
12 (1.4)
8 (2.5)
0 (0)
2 (1.6)
.31
API, Asian and Pacific Islander; IQR, interquartile range; TAAAD, type A acute aortic dissection.
Although hospital size did not differ by racial group (P = .42), there was a discrepancy in the age at admission (P < .0001). Black/African American and Hispanic admissions presented with TAAAD at a median age of 54 years and 55 years, respectively, whereas White and API admissions presented at a median age of 64 years and 63 years, respectively. On average, these data demonstrate that Black/African American and Hispanic admissions present with TAAAD approximately a decade earlier than their White and API counterparts nationwide.
The majority of Black/African American (47%), Hispanic (54%), and API (51%) admissions were in urban, densely populated metro counties. In contrast, there was a more even distribution of White admissions between urban and metro counties (P < .0001). Furthermore, consistent with the literature,
higher percentages of Black/African American (54%) and Hispanic admissions (32%) lived in ZIP codes belonging to the lowest median household income quartile ($0 to ∼$44,000). Comparatively, the highest percentage of White admissions (28%) lived in ZIP codes from the third-highest household income quartile (∼$55,000 to $74,000), and the highest percentage of API admissions (52%) lived in ZIP codes in the highest household median quartile ($74,000+) (P < .0001). Additionally, Black/African American (25%) patients had the highest percentage of admissions covered by Medicaid. Given that White and API admissions tended to be older than other racial groups, they correspondingly had higher percentages of their admissions covered by Medicare (White, 48%; API, 36%) (P < .0001).
Comorbidity Trends
The most widely reported comorbidities for TAAAD include cardiovascular conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and prior cardiac surgery, have previously been demonstrated to be present at higher rates in underserved patient populations.
Similarly, in our TAAAD admissions cohort, 92% of Black/African American admissions, 88% of Hispanic admissions, and 84% of API admissions had a diagnosis of hypertension, compared to 79% of White admissions (P < .0001) (Table 1). Additionally, there were higher rates of diabetes and obesity in Black/African American and Hispanic admissions (P = .0001) (Table 1). Chronic ischemic heart disease was found at a higher proportion in White admissions (24%) compared to Black/African American admissions (18%), Hispanic admissions (17%), and API admissions (19%) (P = .0002). Rates of preoperative shock were largely comparable across the different racial groups (P = .09).
Primary and Secondary Outcomes
When studying our primary outcome of in-hospital mortality, White admissions had the highest raw mortality at 17%, and Black/African American admissions had the lowest rate of raw mortality at 11% (P < .0001) (Table 2). There were no significant differences among racial groups in several different types of postoperative complications, including pulmonary complications, hemorrhage, and stroke (all P > .05). API admissions had the highest rate of postprocedural shock/cardiac failure (22%), and Black/African American admissions had the lowest rate of postprocedural shock/cardiac failure (13%). Similarly, API admissions had the highest rates of adverse reactions following a procedure (23%), whereas Black/African American and Hispanic admissions had the lowest (12% and 14%, respectively). The overall complication rate also was not significantly different across the racial groups (P = .24) (Table 2).
Table 2Unadjusted mortality and complication rates of TAAAD
Outcomes
White (N = 2520)
Black/African American (N = 848)
Hispanic (N = 310)
API (N = 146)
Other (N = 128)
P value
Discharge status, n (%)
Died
438 (17)
90 (11)
38 (12)
22 (15)
14 (11)
<.0001
Resource utilization
Length of stay, d, median (IQR)
10 (6-16)
11 (7-18)
11 (7-17)
11 (7-16)
13.5 (7.5-23)
<.0001
Total cost, USD, median (IQR)
290,259 (195,413-459,875)
291,043 (201,132-485,816)
364,646 (252,824-634,016)
291,469 (205,979-584,779)
368,511 (231,915-620,019)
<.0001
Complications
Any complication
1142 (45)
374 (44)
138 (45)
70 (48)
70 (55)
.24
Postprocedure shock/cardiac failure
400 (16)
110 (13)
46 (15)
32 (22)
32 (25)
.002
Pulmonary complications
616 (24)
240 (28)
76 (25)
28 (19)
36 (28)
.07
Hemorrhage/hematoma/seroma
182 (7)
72 (8)
22 (7)
8 (5)
12 (9)
.55
Stroke
52 (2)
12 (1)
2 (1)
4 (3)
4 (3)
.22
Adverse reaction
430 (17)
102 (12)
42 (14)
34 (23)
34 (27)
<.0001
Catheter-related complication
14 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
.09
Postprocedure hypertension
14 (1)
8 (1)
6 (2)
2 (1)
0 (0)
.06
Other unspecified complications
24 (1)
4 (0.5)
2 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
.36
API, Asian and Pacific Islander; IQR, interquartile range; TAAAD, type A acute aortic dissection.
Another secondary outcome that we investigated was resource utilization. Black/African American, Hispanic, and API admissions all had a median LOS of 11 days, and White admissions had a median LOS of 10 days (P < .0001) (Table 2). Additionally, Hispanic admissions had the highest total cost at $364,646, and White admissions had the lowest total cost at $290,259 (P < .0001).
Multivariable Regression Model
After determining the demographic and comorbid factors that differed significantly among racial groups, we built multivariable logistic regression models using these variables to determine race’s independent association with mortality. The Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, a composite comorbidity score validated for use with administrative data, was significantly associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.029; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.003-1.056). While the highest raw mortality was observed in White admissions, there was ultimately no association between race and hospital mortality in our multivariable model (Table 3, Figure 3). Additionally, median household income and hospital location also were not associated with mortality. We also ran analyses with several interaction variables to check for an interaction between race or median income in the setting of TAAAD mortality, but found none (Table 4). However, several comorbid variables, including increasing age (OR, 1.002; 95% CI, 1.001-1.003), chronic ischemic heart disease (OR, 1.039; 95% CI, 1.011-1.068), and preoperative shock (OR, 1.211; 95% CI, 1.011-1.068), were associated with higher mortality in TAAAD admissions. Private insurance status was more protective against TAAAD in-hospital mortality compared to the self-pay option (OR, 1.075; 95% CI, 1.021-1.131). Unexpectedly, hypertension was associated with a protective effect against mortality from TAAAD (OR, 0.934; 95% CI, 0.907-0.962). Chronic kidney disease (OR, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.970-1.028), aneurysm (OR, 1.000; 95% CI, 0.961-1.040), and Marfan syndrome (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.957-1.131) showed no association with mortality.
Table 3Independent variables associated with mortality, length of stay, and cost of stay for TAAAD
Figure 3Multivariable regression model of in-hospital mortality. Forest plot representation of a multivariable regression model of in-hospital mortality, showing the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, age, and race. Both the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (odds ratio [OR], 1.046; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001-1.093) and age (OR, 1.029; 95% CI, 1.017-1.041) were independently associated with type A acute aortic dissection in-hospital mortality. However, race was not found to be independently associated with mortality. ∗P ≤ .05, ∗∗P ≤ .01, ∗∗∗P ≤ .001. API, Asian and Pacific Islander.
Although there was no association between race and mortality, we found that race was significantly associated with our secondary outcomes. Specifically, Hispanic admissions were associated with both increased LOS (day 1.615; 95% CI, 0.142-3.088) and increased cost of stay (cost $156,615.55; 95% CI, $105,193.82-$208,039.28) compared to White admissions. Interestingly, API admissions also showed an increased cost of stay (cost 249,059.36, 95% CI 177,622.48-320,496.23). Demographic characteristic such as median household income and insurance status, and comorbid variables, such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and preoperative shock, also were associated with both LOS and cost of stay (Table 3).
Discussion
TAAAD is an acute medical condition with a high mortality and severe postoperative complications. Given these risks, and the emergent nature of treatments, this syndrome provides a unique opportunity to investigate the impact of race and ethnicity on presentation and outcomes associated with emergent cardiac surgical care. Our results show that Black and Hispanic admissions present with TAAAD a decade earlier than White and API admissions. We also found that higher proportions of Black/African American and Hispanic admissions were from the lowest median household income quartile and had Medicaid insurance. Despite these differences on presentation, we found no significant association between race and surgical TAAAD in-hospital mortality. Hispanic admissions were associated with longer LOS and higher cost of stay, and API admissions had a higher associated cost of stay (Video 1).
These data suggest that Black and Hispanic patients may be exposed to healthcare disparities that precede and predispose patients to TAAAD. Black and Hispanic patients were shown to present with TAAAD a decade earlier than White and API patients, suggesting greater exposure to TAAAD risk factors earlier in life. Two factors that may contribute to this earlier age of onset are insurance status and socioeconomic status. In our TAAAD cohort, we found higher rates of Black/African American and Hispanic patients who either were from the lowest median income quartile or were covered by Medicaid. Patients of lower socioeconomic status have been shown to have poorer access to healthy diet, are at higher risk for developing substance abuse disorders, and have higher rates of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, all of which are risk factors for TAAAD.
Therefore, reducing early exposure through primary prevention may be an effective strategy to address the early presentation of minority patients.
Discrimination by healthcare providers in the primary care context also may contribute to these differences in presentation. Physicians have been shown to carry implicit bias against underserved patient populations, perceiving Black and Hispanic patients as “less cooperative, less compliant, and less responsible.”
Treatment biases such as these understandably have led to a growing distrust of healthcare providers and the treatments that they prescribe in underrepresented patient populations.
One observed effect is a lower rate of adherence to hypertensive medication regimens in Black patient populations, which is a reported risk factor for TAAAD.
Strengthening these provider–patient relationships can improve earlier screening and improve treatment adherence, which may reduce the risk for TAAAD.
Despite disparities in presentation, it is encouraging that we found no racial disparities when looking at the association between race and TAAAD surgical mortality. This remained true even with the addition of several interaction factors, such as socioeconomic status. Interestingly, these findings run counter to other acute cardiovascular conditions. For example, Black patients have been reported to have worse surgical outcomes after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, vascular trauma, and hemodialysis.
Black race has been associated with increased mortality in coronary artery bypass surgery, even after accounting for socioeconomic and clinical factors.
Results are not uniform for all cardiac operations, however. A recent analysis in Michigan revealed that, when adjusting for clinical factors, race was not associated with mitral surgical selection or with operative outcome.
Although not the case for all surgical emergencies, it may be the case that an aspect of TAAAD surgical treatment is able to equitably address the immediate mortality risk in all patient populations. Similarly, Yammine and colleagues
found that Black TAAAD patients presented earlier with greater comorbidities compared to White patients but had a lower in-hospital mortality rate. However, they also found significantly higher reintervention rates in Black patients, which also was noted in the Michigan mitral study, which similarly points to the fact that although surgical or endovascular treatment may benefit minority patient populations in the immediate context, care beyond the acute setting may need significant improvement.
Additionally, we found that Hispanic admissions were the only ethnic group demonstrating longer LOS. Interestingly, we found no significant difference in the total postoperative complication rate when stratified by race, a variable that drives longer hospital admissions (Table 2). This finding could be due to a limitation of the NIS database, as we were unable to study many of the complications commonly associated with TAAAD, such as acute myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, and pulmonary embolism. However, several studies also demonstrated prolonged LOS in Hispanic patient populations despite a similar rate of complications.
Portending influence of racial disparities on extended length of stay after elective anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
It has been speculated that these race-specific differences could be due to disparities in housing security, which could affect safe hospital discharge. Another possibility is that this prolonged LOS is a reflection of provider bias, which has been shown to foster patient distrust, poor patient–provider communication, and greater patient stress, all of which could impact a patient’s postoperative course.
We also found that Hispanics and API admissions had higher costs of stay. This finding is less likely to be fully attributable to LOS, given that Hispanic admissions were longer by only 1 day, and API admissions were not found to be significantly longer. The higher cost of API admissions may be related to the finding that a higher proportion of API admissions belonged to the highest income quartile. These patients may access specialty care that may lead to higher costs without a corresponding increase in LOS. However, owing to the heterogeneity of these patient populations, and the lack of data surrounding previous access to healthcare and common complications, further study with a clinically driven descriptive database may be necessary to understand this difference in outcome.
Other studies using self-reporting methods have also pointed to likely racial disparities in aortic dissection. In a small retrospective study looking at a single institution, Black patients with aortic dissection were significantly younger, had poorer hypertension control, and required a greater number of reinterventions than their white counterparts.
Owing to the rarity of acute aortic dissection, the study included a cohort of only 126 patients with type B aortic dissections. Another retrospective study investigating all acute hospitals in Maryland observed higher rates of hospitalization for all aortic dissections in non-White patients.
Additionally, one nationwide study investigating the different types of aortic dissection in the early 2000s listed race as a significant determinant of mortality but failed to investigate this finding further.
Although limited in scope, each of these studies pointed toward existing racial disparities in the development and presentation of aortic dissection, but further investigation is needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how this condition impacts underrepresented patient populations across the entire spectrum of disease.
Our study was subject to several limitations. First, the NIS does not distinguish whether a condition was present on admission or was a postoperative complication. Therefore, even though we did not observe differences in mortality, further investigation is needed to identify any significant differences in complications among racial groups. The NIS contains only deidentified admission data, which prevented longitudinal analysis of any individual patient’s care. For instance, we were unable to determine access to medical care prior to the patient’s TAAAD admission, nor were we able to study any follow-up care or longitudinal mortality. For instance, we were unable to determine differences in aneurysm burden between racial groups on admission, as the NIS does not provide clear indicators between diagnoses present on admission versus a postoperative complication. Additionally, because the NIS is an administrative database, it provides no diagnostic clinical details of a patient’s status that would have been included in a clinical registry. For example, we were not able to distinguish between patients who had well-controlled hypertension and those with poorly controlled hypertension, which would have a significant impact on the development of TAAAD. Finally, because we focused on patients who had undergone surgery, the data did not permit us to identify patients presenting with TAAAD who did not undergo surgery and thus may have masked potential selection bias.
Conclusions
Black/African American and Hispanic TAAAD admissions have higher rates of Medicaid coverage and hypertension, and lower socioeconomic status compared to their White and API counterparts. Additionally, Black and Hispanic patients present with TAAAD 10 years younger than their White and API counterparts. Despite these disparities, after adjusting for potential confounding variables, there was no association between race and TAAAD surgical mortality, but Hispanic TAAAD admissions were found to have longer LOS and higher costs of stay, and API admissions had higher costs of stay, compared to White admissions. Further investigation is needed to identify any racial disparities in associated postoperative complications in addition to other phases of care (Figure 4).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors reported no conflicts of interest.
The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.
Hypertensive chronic kidney disease with stage 5 chronic kidney disease or end stage renal disease
I129
Hypertensive chronic kidney disease with stage 1 through stage 4 chronic kidney disease, or unspecified chronic kidney disease
I130
Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease with heart failure and stage 1 through stage 4 chronic kidney disease or unspecified chronic kidney disease
I1310
Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease without heart failure with stage 1 through stage 4 chronic kidney disease, or unspecified chronic kidney disease
I1311
Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease without heart failure with stage 5 chronic kidney disease, or end stage renal disease
I132
Hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease with heart failure with stage 5 chronic kidney disease, or end stage renal disease
I150
Renovascular hypertension
I151
Hypertension secondary to other renal disorders
I152
Hypertension secondary to endocrine disorders
I158
Other secondary hypertension
I159
Secondary hypertension, unspecified
I160
Hypertensive urgency
I161
Hypertensive emergency
I169
Hypertensive crisis, unspecified
Peripheral vascular disease
I70
Atherosclerosis
I701
Atherosclerosis of renal artery
I702
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of the extremities
I7020
Unspecified atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities
I70201
Unspecified atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities right leg
I70202
Unspecified atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities left leg
I70203
Unspecified atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities bilateral legs
I70208
Unspecified atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities other extremity
I70209
Unspecified atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities unspecified extremity
I7021
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with intermittent claudication
I70211
Atherosclerosis of native arteries with intermittent claudication right leg
I70212
Atherosclerosis of native arteries with intermittent claudication left leg
I70213
Atherosclerosis of native arteries with intermittent claudication bilateral legs
I70218
Atherosclerosis of native arteries with intermittent claudication other extremity
I70219
Atherosclerosis of native arteries with intermittent claudication unspecified extremity
I7022
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with rest pain
I70221
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with rest pain right leg
I70222
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with rest pain left leg
I70223
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with rest pain bilateral legs
I70228
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with rest pain other extremity
I70229
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with rest pain unspecified extremity
I7023
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of right leg with ulceration
I70231
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of right leg with ulceration of thigh
I70232
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of right leg with ulceration of calf
I70233
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of right leg with ulceration of ankle
I70234
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of right leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70235
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of right leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70238
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of right leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70239
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of right leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7024
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of left leg with ulceration
I70241
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of left leg with ulceration of thigh
I70242
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of left leg with ulceration of calf
I70243
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of left leg with ulceration of ankle
I70244
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of left leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70245
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of left leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70248
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of left leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70249
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of left leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7025
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of other extremities with ulceration
I7026
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with gangrene
I70261
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with gangrene right leg
I70262
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with gangrene left leg
I70263
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with gangrene bilateral legs
I70268
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with gangrene other extremity
I70269
Atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities with gangrene unspecified extremity
I7029
Other atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities
I70291
Other atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities right leg
I70292
Other atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities left leg
I70293
Other atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities bilateral legs
I70298
Other atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities other extremity
I70299
Other atherosclerosis of native arteries of extremities unspecified extremity
I703
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I7030
Unspecified atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70301
Unspecified atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities right leg
I70302
Unspecified atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities left leg
I70303
Unspecified atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities bilateral legs
I70308
Unspecified atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities other extremity
I70309
Unspecified atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities unspecified extremity
I7031
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication
I70311
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication right leg
I70312
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication left leg
I70313
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication bilateral legs
I70318
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication other extremity
I70319
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication unspecified extremity
I7032
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain
I70321
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain right leg
I70322
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain left leg
I70323
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain bilateral legs
I70328
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain other extremity
I70329
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain unspecified extremity
I7033
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration
I70331
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of thigh
I70332
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of calf
I70333
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of ankle
I70334
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70335
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70338
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70339
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7034
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration
I70341
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of thigh
I70342
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of calf
I70343
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of ankle
I70344
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70345
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70348
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70349
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7035
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of other extremity with ulceration
I7036
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene
I70361
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene right leg
I70362
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene left leg
I70363
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene bilateral legs
I70368
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene other extremity
I70369
Atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene unspecified extremity
I7039
Other atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70391
Other atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities right leg
I70392
Other atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities left leg
I70393
Other atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities bilateral legs
I70398
Other atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities other extremity
I70399
Other atherosclerosis of unspecified type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities unspecified extremity
I704
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I7040
Unspecified atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70401
Unspecified atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities right leg
I70402
Unspecified atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities left leg
I70403
Unspecified atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities bilateral legs
I70408
Unspecified atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities other extremity
I70409
Unspecified atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities unspecified extremity
I7041
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication
I70411
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication right leg
I70412
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication left leg
I70413
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication bilateral legs
I70418
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication other extremity
I70419
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication unspecified extremity
I7042
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain
I70421
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain right leg
I70422
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain left leg
I70423
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain bilateral legs
I70428
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain other extremity
I70429
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain unspecified extremity
I7043
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration
I70431
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of thigh
I70432
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of calf
I70433
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of ankle
I70434
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70435
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70438
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70439
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7044
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration
I70441
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of thigh
I70442
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of calf
I70443
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of ankle
I70444
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70445
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70448
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70449
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7045
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of other extremity with ulceration
I7046
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene
I70461
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene right leg
I70462
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene left leg
I70463
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene bilateral legs
I70468
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene other extremity
I70469
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene unspecified extremity
I7049
Other atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70491
Other atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities, right leg
I70492
Other atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities, left leg
I70493
Other atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities, bilateral legs
I70498
Other atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities, other extremity
I70499
Other atherosclerosis of autologous vein bypass graft(s) of the extremities, unspecified extremity
I705A
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I7050
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70501
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, right leg
I70502
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, left leg
I70503
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, bilateral legs
I70508
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, other extremity
I70509
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, unspecified extremity
I7051
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, intermittent claudication
I70511
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, right leg
I70512
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, left leg
I70513
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, bilateral legs
I70518
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, other extremity
I70519
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, unspecified extremity
I7052
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain
I70521
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, right leg
I70522
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, left leg
I70523
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, bilateral legs
I70528
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, other extremity
I70529
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, unspecified extremity
I7053
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration
I70531
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of thigh
I70532
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of calf
I70533
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of ankle
I70534
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70535
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70538
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70539
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7054
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration
I70541
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of thigh
I70542
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of calf
I70543
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of ankle
I70544
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70545
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70548
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70549
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7055
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of other extremity with ulceration
I7056
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene
I70561
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, right leg
I70562
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, left leg
I70563
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, bilateral legs
I70568
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, other extremity
I70569
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, unspecified extremity
I7059
Other atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70591
Other atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, right leg
I70592
Other atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, left leg
I70593
Other atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, bilateral legs
I70598
Other atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, other extremity
I70599
Other atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, unspecified extremity
I706
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I7060
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70601
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, right leg
I70602
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, left leg
I70603
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, bilateral legs
I70608
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, other extremity
I70609
Unspecified atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, unspecified extremity
I7061
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication
I70611
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, right leg
I70612
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, left leg
I70613
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, bilateral legs
I70618
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, other extremity
I70619
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, unspecified extremity
I7062
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain
I70621
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, right leg
I70622
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, left leg
I70623
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, bilateral legs
I70628
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, other extremity
I70629
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, unspecified extremity
I7063
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration
I70631
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of thigh
I70632
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of calf
I70633
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of ankle
I70634
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70635
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70638
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70639
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7064
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration
I70641
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of thigh
I70642
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of calf
I70643
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of ankle
I70644
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70645
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70648
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70649
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7065
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of other extremity with ulceration
I7066
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene
I70661
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, right leg
I70662
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, left leg
I70663
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, bilateral legs
I70668
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, other extremity
I70669
Atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, unspecified extremity
I7069
Other atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70691
Other atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, right leg
I70692
Other atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, left leg
I70693
Other atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, bilateral legs
I70698
Other atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, other extremity
I70699
Other atherosclerosis of nonbiological bypass graft(s) of the extremities, unspecified extremity
I707
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I7070
Unspecified atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70701
Unspecified atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, right leg
I70702
Unspecified atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, left leg
I70703
Unspecified atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, bilateral legs
I70708
Unspecified atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, other extremity
I70709
Unspecified atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, unspecified extremity
I7071
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication
I70711
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, right leg
I70712
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, left leg
I70713
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, bilateral legs
I70718
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, other extremity
I70719
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with intermittent claudication, unspecified extremity
I7072
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain
I70721
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, right leg
I70722
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, left leg
I70723
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, bilateral legs
I70728
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, other extremity
I70729
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with rest pain, unspecified extremity
I7073
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration
I70731
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of thigh
I70732
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of calf
I70733
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of ankle
I70734
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70735
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70738
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70739
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the right leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7074
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration
I70741
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of thigh
I70742
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of calf
I70743
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of ankle
I70744
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of heel and midfoot
I70745
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of foot
I70748
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of other part of lower leg
I70749
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the left leg with ulceration of unspecified site
I7075
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of other extremity with ulceration
I7076
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene
I70761
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, right leg
I70762
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, left leg
I70763
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, bilateral legs
I70768
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, other extremity
I70769
Atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities with gangrene, unspecified extremity
I7079
Other atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities
I70791
Other atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, right leg
I70792
Other atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, left leg
I70793
Other atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, bilateral legs
I70798
Other atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, other extremity
I70799
Other atherosclerosis of other type of bypass graft(s) of the extremities, unspecified extremity
I708
Atherosclerosis of other arteries
I709
Other and unspecified atherosclerosis
I7090
Unspecified atherosclerosis
I7091
Generalized atherosclerosis
I7092
Chronic total occlusion of artery of the extremities
Z8679
Personal history of other diseases of the circulatory system
Marfan syndrome with cardiovascular manifestations
Q87410
Marfan syndrome with aortic dilation
Q87418
Marfan syndrome with other cardiovascular manifestations
Q8742
Marfan syndrome with ocular manifestations
Q8743
Marfan syndrome with skeletal manifestations
Q874
Marfan syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Q7960
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, unspecified
Q7961
Classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Q7962
Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Q7963
Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Q7969
Other Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Q796
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Turner syndrome
Q960
Turner syndrome karyotype 45, X
Q961
Turner syndrome karyotype 46, X iso (Xq)
Q962
Turner syndrome karyotype 46, X with abnormal sex chromosome, except iso (Xq)
Q963
Turner syndrome mosaicism, 45, X/46, XX or XY
Q964
Turner syndrome mosaicism, 45, X/other cell line(s) with abnormal sex chromosome
Q968
Turner syndrome, other variants of Turner syndrome
Q969
Turner syndrome, unspecified
Q96
Turner syndrome
Diabetes
E101
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis
E1010
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis without coma
E1011
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis with coma
E102
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with kidney complications
E1021
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy
E1022
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic chronic kidney disease
E1029
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other diabetic kidney complication
E103
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with ophthalmic complications
E1031
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with unspecified diabetic retinopathy
E10311
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with unspecified diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E10319
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with unspecified diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E1032
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
E10321
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E103211
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema right eye
E103212
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema left eye
E103213
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema bilateral
E103219
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema unspecified eye
E10329
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E103291
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema right eye
E103292
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema left eye
E103293
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema bilateral
E103299
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema unspecified eye
E1033
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
E10331
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E103311
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema right eye
E103312
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema left eye
E103313
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema bilateral
E103319
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema unspecified eye
E10339
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E103391
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema right eye
E103392
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema left eye
E103393
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema bilateral
E103399
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema unspecified eye
E1034
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
E10341
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E103411
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema right eye
E103412
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema left eye
E103413
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema bilateral
E103419
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema unspecified eye
E10349
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E103491
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema right eye
E103492
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema left eye
E103493
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema bilateral
E103499
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema unspecified eye
E1035
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
E10351
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E103511
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema right eye
E103512
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema left eye
E103513
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema bilateral
E103519
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema unspecified eye
E10352
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula
E103521
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula right eye
E103522
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula left eye
E103523
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula bilateral
E103529
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula unspecified eye
E10353
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula
E103531
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula
E103532
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula left eye
E103533
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving macula bilateral
E103539
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving macula unspecified eye
E10354
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
E103541
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment right eye
E103542
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment left eye
E103543
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment bilateral
E103549
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment unspecified eye
E10355
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy
E103551
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy right eye
E103552
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy left eye
E103553
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy bilateral
E103559
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy unspecified eye
E10359
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E103591
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema right eye
E103592
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema left eye
E103593
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema bilateral
E103599
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema unspecified eye
E1036
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic cataract
E1037
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment
E1037X1
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment right eye
E1037X2
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment left eye
E1037X3
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment bilateral
E1037X9
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment unspecified eye
E1039
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other diabetic ophthalmic complication
E104
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with neurological complications
E1040
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic neuropathy, unspecified
E1041
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic mononeuropathy
E1042
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic polyneuropathy
E1043
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic autonomic (poly)neuropathy
E1044
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic amyotrophy
E1049
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other diabetic neurologic complication
E105
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with circulatory complications
E1051
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic peripheral angiopathy without gangrene
E1052
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic peripheral angiopathy with gangrene
E1059
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other circulatory complications
E106
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other specified complications
E1061
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic arthropathy
E10610
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic neuropathic arthropathy
E10618
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other diabetic arthropathy
E1062
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with skin complications
E10620
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic dermatitis
E10621
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with foot ulcer
E10622
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other skin ulcer
E10628
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other skin complications
E1063
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with oral complications
E10630
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with periodontal disease
E10638
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other oral complications
E1064
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemia
E10641
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemia with coma
E10649
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemia without coma
E1065
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with hyperglycemia
E1069
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with other specified complication
E108
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with unspecified complications
E109
Type 1 diabetes mellitus without complications
E110
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperosmolarity
E1100
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperosmolarity without nonketotic hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar coma (NKHHC)
E1101
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperosmolarity with coma
E111
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis
E1110
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis without coma
E1111
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis with coma
E112
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with kidney complications
E1121
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy
E1122
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic chronic kidney disease
E1129
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other diabetic kidney complication
E113
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ophthalmic complications
E1131
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with unspecified diabetic retinopathy
E11311
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with unspecified diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E11319
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with unspecified diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E1132
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
E11321
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E113211
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema right eye
E113212
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema left eye
E113213
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema bilateral
E113219
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema unspecified eye
E11329
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E113291
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema right eye
E113292
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema left eye
E113293
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema bilateral
E113299
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema unspecified eye
E1133
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
E11331
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E113311
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema right eye
E113312
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema left eye
E113313
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema bilateral
E113319
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema unspecified eye
E11339
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E113391
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema right eye
E113392
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema left eye
E113393
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema bilateral
E113399
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema unspecified eye
E1134
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
E11341
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E113411
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema right eye
E113412
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema left eye
E113413
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema bilateral
E113419
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema unspecified eye
E11349
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E113491
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema right eye
E113492
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema left eye
E113493
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema bilateral
E113499
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema unspecified eye
E1135
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
E11351
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema
E113511
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema right eye
E113512
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema left eye
E113513
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema bilateral
E113519
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema unspecified eye
E11352
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula
E113521
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula right eye
E113522
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula left eye
E113523
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula bilateral
E113529
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula unspecified eye
E11353
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving macula
E113531
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving macula right eye
E113532
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving macula left eye
E113533
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving macula bilateral
E113539
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving macula unspecified eye
E11354
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
E113541
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment right eye
E113542
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment left eye
E113543
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment bilateral
E113549
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment unspecified eye
E11355
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy
E113551
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy right eye
E113552
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy left eye
E113553
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy bilateral
E113559
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy unspecified eye
E11359
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema
E113591
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema right eye
E113592
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema left eye
E113593
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema bilateral
E113599
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema unspecified eye
E1136
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic cataract
E1137
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment
E1137X1
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment right eye
E1137X2
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment left eye
E1137X3
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment bilateral
E1137X9
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic macular edema, resolved following treatment unspecified eye
E1139
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other diabetic ophthalmic complication
E114
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with neurological complications
E1140
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic neuropathy, unspecified
E1141
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic mononeuropathy
E1142
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic polyneuropathy
E1143
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic autonomic (poly)neuropathy
E1144
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic amyotrophy
E1149
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other diabetic neurological complication
E115
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with circulatory complications
E1151
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic peripheral angiopathy without gangrene
E1152
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic peripheral angiopathy with gangrene
E1159
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other circulatory complications
E116
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other specified complications
E1161
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic arthropathy
E11610
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic neuropathic arthropathy
E11618
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other diabetic arthropathy
E1162
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with skin complications
E11620
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic dermatitis
E11621
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with foot ulcer
E11622
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other skin ulcer
E11628
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other skin complications
E1163
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with oral complications
E11630
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontal disease
E11638
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with other oral complications
E1164
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemia
E11641
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemia with coma
E11649
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemia without coma
E1165
Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperglycemia
E10
Type I diabetes
E11
Type II diabetes
Prior cardiac surgery
Z951
Presence of aortocoronary bypass graft
Z952
Presence of prosthetic heart valve
Z953
Presence of xenogenic heart valve
Z954
Presence of other heart valve replacement
Z955
Presence of coronary angioplasty implant and graft
Z958
Presence of other cardiac and vascular implants and grafts
Z95810
Presence of automatic (implantable) cardiac defibrillator
Z95811
Presence of heart assist device
Z95812
Presence of fully implantable artificial heart
Z95818
Presence of other cardiac implants and grafts
Z9582
Presence of other vascular implants and grafts
Z95820
Peripheral vascular angioplasty status with implants and grafts
Z95828
Presence of other vascular implants and grafts
Z959
Presence of cardiac and vascular implant and graft, unspecified
Z95
Presence of vascular implants and grafts on presentation
Chronic heart disease
I25
Chronic ischemic heart disease
I251
Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery
I2510
Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery without angina pectoris
I2511
Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with angina pectoris
I25110
Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with unstable angina pectoris
I25111
Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with unstable angina pectoris with documented spasm
I25118
Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with other forms of angina pectoris
I25119
Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with unspecified angina pectoris
I252
Old myocardial infarction
I253
Aneurysm of heart
I254
Coronary artery aneurysm and dissection
I2541
Coronary artery aneurysm
I2542
Coronary artery dissection
I255
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
I256
Silent myocardial ischemia
I257
Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s) and coronary artery of transplanted heart with angina pectoris
I2570
Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s), unspecified, with angina pectoris
I25700
Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s), unspecified, with unstable angina pectoris
I25701
Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s), unspecified, with unstable angina pectoris with documented spasm
I25708
Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s), unspecified, with other forms of angina pectoris
I25709
Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s), unspecified, with unspecified angina pectoris
I2571
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein coronary artery bypass graft(s) with angina pectoris
I25710
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris
I25711
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris with documented spasm
I25718
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein coronary artery bypass graft(s) with other forms of angina pectoris
I25719
Atherosclerosis of autologous vein coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unspecified angina pectoris
I2572
Atherosclerosis of autologous artery coronary artery bypass graft(s) with angina pectoris
I25720
Atherosclerosis of autologous artery coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris
I25721
Atherosclerosis of autologous artery coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris with documented spasm
I25728
Atherosclerosis of autologous artery coronary artery bypass graft(s) with other forms of angina pectoris
I25729
Atherosclerosis of autologous artery coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unspecified angina pectoris
I2573
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological coronary artery bypass graft(s) with angina pectoris
I25730
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris
I25731
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris with documented spasm
I25738
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological coronary artery bypass graft(s) with other forms of angina pectoris
I25739
Atherosclerosis of nonautologous biological coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unspecified angina pectoris
I2575
Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart with angina pectoris
I25750
Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart with unstable angina
I25751
Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart with unstable angina with documented spasm
I25758
Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart with other forms of angina pectoris
I25759
Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart with unspecified angina pectoris
I2576
Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart with angina pectoris
I25760
Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart with unstable angina
I25761
Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart with unstable angina with documented spasm
I25768
Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart with other forms of angina pectoris
I25769
Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart with unspecified angina pectoris
I2579
Atherosclerosis of other coronary artery bypass graft(s) with angina pectoris
I25790
Atherosclerosis of other coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris
I25791
Atherosclerosis of other coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unstable angina pectoris with documented spasm
I25798
Atherosclerosis of other coronary artery bypass graft(s) with other forms of angina pectoris
I25799
Atherosclerosis of other coronary artery bypass graft(s) with unspecified angina pectoris
I258
Other forms of chronic ischemic heart disease
I2581
Atherosclerosis of other coronary vessels without angina pectoris
I25810
Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass graft(s) without angina pectoris
I25811
Atherosclerosis of native coronary artery of transplanted heart without angina pectoris
I25812
Atherosclerosis of bypass graft of coronary artery of transplanted heart without angina pectoris
I2582
Chronic total occlusion of coronary artery
I2583
Coronary atherosclerosis due to lipid rich plaque
I2584
Coronary atherosclerosis due to calcified coronary lesion
I2589
Other forms of chronic ischemic heart disease
I259
Chronic ischemic heart disease, unspecified
Chronic kidney disease
N18
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
N18.1
Chronic kidney disease, stage 1
N18.2
Chronic kidney disease, stage 2 (mild)
N18.3
Chronic kidney disease, stage 3 (moderate)
N18.30
Chronic kidney disease, stage 3 unspecified
N18.31
Chronic kidney disease, stage 3a
N18.32
Chronic kidney disease, stage 3b
N18.4
Chronic kidney disease, stage 4 (severe)
N18.5
Chronic kidney disease, stage 5
N18.6
End-stage renal disease
N18.9
Chronic kidney disease, unspecified
Aortic aneurysm
I71.1
Thoracic aortic aneurysm, ruptured
I71.2
Thoracic aortic aneurysm, without rupture
I71.3
Abdominal aortic aneurysm, ruptured
I71.4
Abdominal aortic aneurysm, without rupture
I71.5
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, ruptured
I71.6
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, without rupture
I71.8
Aortic aneurysm of unspecified site, ruptured
I71.9
Aortic aneurysm of unspecified site, without rupture
Obesity
Z6843
Body mass index 50-59.9
E669
Obesity
Cardiac inflammation
M314
Takayasu (aortic arch syndrome)
M315
Giant cell arteritis with polymyalgia rheumatica
M316
Other giant cell arteritis
A5200
Cardiovascular syphilis, unspecified
A5201
Syphilitic aneurysm of aorta
A5202
Syphilitic aortitis
A5203
Syphilitic endocarditis
A5206
Other syphilitic heart involvement
A5209
Other cardiovascular syphilis
A1884
Tuberculosis of heart
Z950
Presence of cardiac pacemaker
Q231
Congenital insufficiency of aortic valve
Z8673
Personal history of transient ischemic attack (TIA), and cerebral infarction without residual deficits
Preoperative shock
R57.0
Cardiogenic shock
R57.1
Hypovolemic shock
R57.8
Other shock
R57.9
Shock, unspecified
ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.
Postprocedural cardiac insufficiency following cardiac surgery
I97120
Postprocedural cardiac arrest following cardiac surgery
I97130
Postprocedural heart failure following cardiac surgery
I97190
Other postprocedural cardiac functional disturbances following cardiac surgery
I97710
Intraoperative cardiac arrest during cardiac surgery
I97790
Other intraoperative cardiac functional disturbances during cardiac surgery
I977
Intraoperative cardiac functional disturbances
I97711
Intraoperative cardiac arrest during other surgery
I97791
Other intraoperative cardiac functional disturbances during other surgery
I971
Other postprocedural cardiac functional disturbances
I97121
Postprocedural cardiac arrest following other surgery
I97131
Postprocedural heart failure following other surgery
I97191
Other postprocedural cardiac functional disturbances following other surgery
I9788
Other intraoperative complications of the circulatory system, not elsewhere classified
I9789
Other procedural complications and disorders of the circulatory system, not elsewhere classified
Pulmonary complications
Z9911
Dependence on a ventilator
Z930
Tracheostomy status
0B110D6
Bypass trachea to esophagus with intraluminal device, open approach
0B110F4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous with tracheostomy device, open approach
0B110Z4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous, open approach
0B113F4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous with tracheostomy device, percutaneous approach
0B113Z4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous, percutaneous approach
0B114F4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous with tracheostomy device, percutaneous endoscopic approach
0B114Z4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous, percutaneous endoscopic approach
J952
Acute pulmonary insufficiency following nonthoracic surgery
J95821
Acute postprocedural respiratory failure
J951
Acute pulmonary insufficiency following thoracic surgery
J95822
Acute and chronic postprocedural respiratory failure
J95851
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
J95859
Other complication of respirator
J9588
Chronic pulmonary insufficiency following surgery
T8282XA
Emphysema (subcutaneous) resulting from a procedure, initial encounter
J950
Tracheostomy complications
J9500
Unspecified tracheostomy complication
J9501
Hemorrhage from tracheostomy stoma
J9502
Infection of tracheostomy stoma
J9503
Malfunction of tracheostomy stoma
J9504
Tracheoesophageal fistula following tracheostomy
J9509
Other tracheostomy complication
J951
Acute pulmonary insufficiency following thoracic surgery
J952
Acute pulmonary insufficiency following nonthoracic surgery
J953
Chronic pulmonary insufficiency following surgery
J954
Chemical pneumonitis due to anesthesia
J955
Postprocedural subglottic stenosis
J956
Intraoperative hemorrhage and hematoma of a respiratory system organ or structure complicating a procedure
J9561
Intraoperative hemorrhage and hematoma of a respiratory system organ or structure complicating a respiratory system procedure
J9562
Intraoperative hemorrhage and hematoma of a respiratory system organ or structure complicating other procedure
J957
Accidental puncture and laceration of a respiratory system organ or structure during a procedure
J9571
Accidental puncture and laceration of a respiratory system organ or structure during a respiratory system procedure
J9572
Accidental puncture and laceration of a respiratory system organ or structure during other procedure
J958
Other intraoperative and postprocedural complications and disorders of respiratory system, not elsewhere classified
J9581
Postprocedural pneumothorax and air leak
J95811
Postprocedural pneumothorax
J95812
Postprocedural air leak
J9582
Postprocedural respiratory failure
J95821
Acute postprocedural respiratory failure
J95822
Acute and chronic postprocedural respiratory failure
J9583
Postprocedural hemorrhage of a respiratory system organ or structure following a procedure
J95830
Postprocedural hemorrhage of a respiratory system organ or structure following a respiratory system procedure
J95831
Postprocedural hemorrhage of a respiratory system organ or structure following other procedure
J9584
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
J9585
Complication of respirator [ventilator]
J95850
Mechanical complication of respirator
J95851
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
J95859
Other complication of respirator [ventilator]
J9586
Postprocedural hematoma and seroma of a respiratory system organ or structure following a procedure
J95860
Postprocedural hematoma of a respiratory system organ or structure following a respiratory system procedure
J95861
Postprocedural hematoma of a respiratory system organ or structure following other procedure
J95862
Postprocedural seroma of a respiratory system organ or structure following a respiratory system procedure
J95863
Postprocedural seroma of a respiratory system organ or structure following other procedure
J9588
Other intraoperative complications of respiratory system, not elsewhere classified
J9589
Other postprocedural complications and disorders of respiratory system, not elsewhere classified
Z990
Dependence on aspirator
Z991
Dependence on respirator
Z9912
Encounter for respirator [ventilator] dependence during power failure
Z9981
Dependence on supplemental oxygen
0B110D6
Bypass trachea to esophagus with intraluminal device, open approach
0B110F4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous with tracheostomy device, open approach
0B110Z4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous, open approach
0B113F4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous with tracheostomy device, percutaneous approach
0B113Z4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous, percutaneous approach
0B114F4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous with tracheostomy device, percutaneous endoscopic approach
0B114Z4
Bypass trachea to cutaneous, percutaneous endoscopic approach
Hemorrhage/hematoma/seroma
I97410
Intraoperative hemorrhage and hematoma of a circulatory system organ or structure complicating a cardiac catheterization
I97411
Intraoperative hemorrhage and hematoma of a circulatory system organ or structure complicating a cardiac bypass
I97418
Intraoperative hemorrhage and hematoma of a circulatory system organ or structure complicating other circulatory system procedure
I9742
Intraoperative hemorrhage and hematoma of a circulatory system organ or structure complicating other procedure
I97610
Postprocedural hemorrhage of a circulatory system organ or structure following cardiac catheterization
I97611
Postprocedural hemorrhage of a circulatory system organ or structure following cardiac bypass
I97618
Postprocedural hemorrhage of a circulatory system organ or structure following other circulatory system procedure
I97620
Postprocedural hemorrhage of a circulatory system organ or structure following other procedure
I97621
Postprocedural hematoma of a circulatory system organ or structure following other procedure
I97630
Postprocedural hematoma of a circulatory system organ or structure following cardiac catheterization
I97631
Postprocedural hematoma of a circulatory system organ or structure following cardiac bypass
I97638
Postprocedural hematoma of a circulatory system organ or structure following other circulatory system procedure
I97622
Postprocedural seroma of a circulatory system organ or structure following other procedure
I97640
Postprocedural seroma of a circulatory system organ or structure following a cardiac catheterization
I97641
Postprocedural seroma of a circulatory system organ or structure following cardiac bypass
I97648
Postprocedural seroma of a circulatory system organ or structure following other circulatory system procedure
I9761
Postprocedural hemorrhage of a circulatory system organ or structure following a circulatory system procedure
I9762
Postprocedural hemorrhage, hematoma, and seroma of a circulatory system organ or structure following other procedure
I9763
Postprocedural hematoma of a circulatory system organ or structure following a circulatory system procedure
I9764
Postprocedural seroma of a circulatory system organ or structure following a circulatory system procedure
Stroke
I97810
Intraoperative cerebrovascular infarction during cardiac surgery
I97820
Postprocedural cerebrovascular infarction following cardiac surgery
Adverse reaction
T886
Anaphylactic reaction due to adverse effect of correct drug or medicament properly administered
T886XXA
Anaphylactic reaction due to adverse effect of correct drug or medicament properly administered, initial encounter
T887
Unspecified adverse effect of drug or medicament
T887XXA
Unspecified adverse effect of drug or medicament, initial encounter
Y83
Surgical operation and other surgical procedures as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Y830
Surgical operation with transplant of whole organ as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Y831
Surgical operation with implant of artificial internal device as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Y832
Surgical operation with anastomosis, bypass or graft as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Y833
Surgical operation with formation of external stoma as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Y834
Other reconstructive surgery as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Y835
Amputation of limb(s) as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Y836
Removal of other organ (partial) (total) as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Y838
Other surgical procedures as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Y839
Surgical procedure, unspecified as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
T886
Anaphylactic reaction due to adverse effect of correct drug or medicament properly administered
T886XXA
Anaphylactic reaction due to adverse effect of correct drug or medicament properly administered, initial encounter
T887
Unspecified adverse effect of drug or medicament
T887XXA
Unspecified adverse effect of drug or medicament, initial encounter
Y832
Surgical operation with anastomosis, bypass, or graft as the cause of abnormal reaction
Y839
Surgical procedure, unspecified as the cause of abnormal reaction of the patient, or of later complication, without mention of misadventure at the time of the procedure
Catheter-related complication
T801XXA
Vascular complications following infusion, transfusion and therapeutic injection, initial encounter
T80219A
Unspecified infection due to central venous catheter, initial encounter
T80211A
Bloodstream infection due to central venous catheter, initial encounter
T80212A
Local infection due to central venous catheter, initial encounter
T8022XA
Acute infection following transfusion, infusion, or injection of blood or blood products, initial encounter
T8029XA
Infection following other infusion, transfusion, and therapeutic injection, initial encounter
T800
Air embolism following infusion, transfusion, and therapeutic injection
T801
Vascular complications following infusion, transfusion and therapeutic injection
T801XXA
Vascular complications following infusion, transfusion and therapeutic injection, initial encounter
T802
Infections following infusion, transfusion and therapeutic injection
T8021
Infection due to central venous catheter
T80211
Bloodstream infection due to central venous catheter
T80211A
Bloodstream infection due to central venous catheter, initial encounter
T80212
Local infection due to central venous catheter
T80212A
Local infection due to central venous catheter, initial encounter
T80218
Other infection due to central venous catheter
T80 218A
Other infection due to central venous catheter, initial encounter
T80219
Unspecified infection due to central venous catheter
T80219A
Unspecified infection due to central venous catheter, initial encounter
T8022
Acute infection following transfusion, infusion, or injection of blood and blood products
T8022XA
Acute infection following transfusion, infusion, or injection of blood and blood products, initial encounter
T8029
Acute infection following other transfusion, infusion, or injection of blood and blood products, initial encounter
T8029XA
Acute infection following transfusion, infusion, or injection of blood and blood products, initial encounter, initial encounter
Postprocedural hypertension
I973
Postprocedural hypertension
Other unspecified complications
T888
Other specified complications of surgical and medical care, not elsewhere classified
T889
Complication of surgical and medical care, unspecified
T889XXA
Complication of surgical and medical care, unspecified initial encounter
Z99
Dependence on enabling machines and devices, not elsewhere classified
Z998
Dependence on other enabling machines and devices
Z9989
Dependence on other enabling machines and devices
T888XXA
Other specified complications of surgical and medical care, not elsewhere classified, initial encounter
T8132XA
Disruption of internal operation (surgical) wound, not elsewhere classified, initial encounter
K6811
Postprocedural retroperitoneal abscess
ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection: increasing prevalence and improved outcomes reported in a nationwide population-based study of more than 14 000 cases from 1987 to 2002.
Acute aortic dissection type A: age-related management and outcomes reported in the German Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A (GERAADA) of over 2000 patients.
Portending influence of racial disparities on extended length of stay after elective anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
Funding for this work was provided by a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute T35 training grant.
The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) is a restricted access public release database under strict internal security and is a limited data set as defined by HIPAA (45 CFR §164.514(c)). Access is governed by a HIPAA-compliant restrictive data use agreement. This study was considered exempt from Institutional Review Board approval because the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-NIS contains deidentified patient information.
00028-1&id=fx1.jpg){kind=link}
00028-1&id=fx2.jpg){kind=link}
00028-1&id=gr1.jpg){kind=link}
00028-1&id=gr2.jpg){kind=link}
00028-1&id=gr3.jpg){kind=link}
00028-1&id=gr4.jpg){kind=link}
00028-1&id=fx4.jpg){kind=link}