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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the landscape of professional activities, emphasizing virtual meetings and social media (SoMe) presence. Whether cardiothoracic programs increased their SoMe presence is unknown. We examined SoMe use and content creation by cardiothoracic surgery programs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
We searched the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education to identify all cardiothoracic surgery residency programs (n = 122), including independent (n = 74), integrated (n = 33), and congenital (n = 15) training programs at 78 US cardiothoracic surgery teaching institutions. We then manually searched Google, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Twitter to identify the associated residency and departmental accounts. The timeline for our search was between 10/2021 and 4/2022. March 2020 was used as the starting point for the COVID-19 pandemic. We also contacted the account managers to identify account content creators. The data are descriptively reported and analyzed.
Results
Of 137 SoMe accounts from 78 US cardiothoracic surgery teaching institutions, 72 of 137 (52.6%) were on Twitter, 34 of 137 (24.8%) on Facebook, and 31 of 137 (22.6%) on Instagram. Most accounts were departmental accounts (105/137 = 76.6%) versus 32 of 137 (23.4%) training program accounts. Most training program-specific SoMe accounts across all platforms were created after the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas departmental accounts were pre-existing (P < .001). The most pronounced SoMe growth was on Instagram at the training program level, with 91.7% of Instagram accounts created after the pandemic. Trainees are the content creators for 94.4% of residency accounts and 33.3% of departmental accounts. Facebook's presence was stagnant. Congenital training programs did not have a specific SoMe presence.
Conclusions
SoMe presence by cardiothoracic surgery training programs and departments has increased during the pandemic. Twitter is the most common platform, with a recent increased trend on Instagram. Trainees largely create content. SoMe education and training pathways may be needed for involved trainees to maximize their benefits.
Social media presence by cardiothoracic surgery training programs and departments has increased during the pandemic. Social media content is largely created by trainees.
Social media presence by cardiothoracic surgery training programs and departments has increased during the pandemic. Twitter is the most common platform, with a recent increased trend on Instagram. Trainees largely create content. Social media education and training pathways may be needed for involved trainees to maximize their benefits.
Several studies have highlighted the role of social media in scientific dissemination, networking, and opening doors for academic opportunities.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic imposed several restrictions on many day-to-day activities within residency programs and departments, including thoracic surgery.
Coalition for physician accountability releases recommendations on 2021-22 residency season interviewing. The match, national resident matching program.
Although these platforms were safe alternatives for in-person interviews, they impacted the abilities of program directors to assess candidate interpersonal skills and for candidates to assess crucial factors in residency programs such as a program's fit, place, and character.
To circumvent this, there were significant increases in social media use among candidates and surgical residency programs during the COVID-19 era across different specialties, including dermatology, general surgery, neurology, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, pediatric, and urology residency programs in 2020 compared with previous years.
It is unknown whether cardiothoracic surgery departments or training programs have adopted a greater social media presence. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic as a catalyst for cardiothoracic programs has not been examined. Cardiothoracic surgery training programs are generally smaller in complement and have substantial differences in terms of workload compared with other specialties. In addition, within cardiothoracic surgery, there are several training pathways and accredited subspecialties. Thus, a better understanding of social media trends among these different training pathways is needed.
In this context, we assessed how cardiothoracic surgery residency programs used social media platforms before and after the pandemic. Specifically, we examined the trends for independent training programs, integrated programs, and congenital fellowship programs, in addition to department-level use. We also assessed the parties responsible for content creation. The findings can help guide programs using the most trending platforms, maximize reach, and provide training and education for content creators.
Methods
Data Collection
We searched the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to identify all cardiothoracic surgery residency programs, including independent (n = 74), integrated (n = 33), and congenital (n = 15) training programs at 78 US teaching institutions. We then manually searched Google, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to identify the associated training and departmental accounts. We accessed the programs' official websites and their department and residency social media accounts on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. We excluded unofficial private or personal accounts. The timeline for our search was between October 2021 and April 2022. All data and accounts are public; therefore, the study was deemed exempt from the Loyola University Chicago Institutional Review Board.
We standardized nomenclatures by defining a department account as the account dedicated to the department of cardiothoracic surgery or department of surgery of the given institution. The residency account is the one dedicated to the cardiovascular and thoracic surgery residency program at a respective institution. For Twitter, the account creation date is publicized in the biographical section. For Instagram, it is not publicized; however, we estimated the account's creation date as the first post's date. Finally, for Facebook, the date of creating the account is present in the page transparency section. Accounts were classified as created before or after March 1, 2020, which denotes an account created pre- or post-COVID-19 pandemic.
We included accounts for independent, integrated, and congenital cardiothoracic surgery programs. If the account was devoted to cardiothoracic surgery and other surgical specialties, we only counted accounts with information related to cardiothoracic surgery. We searched the visiting student application services for virtual subinternship and the history of each included account in the study for posts announcing hiring for candidates, live virtual open houses, virtual subinternship opportunities, or interactive meetings. We excluded informational videos, video tours, and noninteractive posts and then counted the number of available virtual opportunities per social media account/page. For estimating the number of tweets per month in 2019 and 2020, we used the web-based service “Tweetstats.com.”
Most of the social media accounts did not specify the type of the program, whether it was independent, congenital, or integrated. In other words, some accounts covered more than 1 program type in the same institution. We considered the programs that belong to the same cardiothoracic teaching institution and have one nonspecific account as one program.
To clarify who creates content for the social media account, we surveyed 128 of 137 accounts by sending them a direct query on each respective social media platform. Nine accounts already announced who runs their account, so those programs were not queried.
Finally, we identified a program director for each program using the ACGME to estimate the use of social media by program directors. We searched program directors' accounts on LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. We considered a program director using social media if they had a presence on any of those platforms.
Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as medians and ranges for scaled data and percentages for nominal data. Statistical analyses included the χ2 test, which was used for categorical variables, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables, as appropriate. All statistical tests were 2-sided. All data were analyzed using SPSS, version 25 (IBM Corp), and RevMan manager, version 5.4.1 (Cochrane), program. Table E1 lists all accounts and handles.
Results
Overview
One hundred twenty-two thoracic surgery programs were identified from the ACGME database. There were 74 independent, 33 integrated programs, and 15 congenital at the 78 US teaching institutions. Of 137 social media accounts from the 78 US cardiothoracic surgery teaching institutions, 72 of 137 (52.6%) were on Twitter, 34 of 137 (24.8%) on Facebook, and 31 of 137 (22.6%) on Instagram. Most accounts were departmental accounts (105/137 = 76.6%) versus 32 of 137 (23.4%) training program accounts. Congenital cardiac surgery fellowships did not have any social media presence at the time of data collection.
Most training program-specific social media accounts across all platforms were created after the COVID-19 pandemic (25/32 = 78.1%) (P < .001), whereas most departmental accounts were created before the pandemic (85/105 = 81%) (P < .001). The most pronounced social media growth was in Instagram at the training program level, as 91.7% of Instagram accounts were created after the pandemic. Across all platforms, 32.8% of all accounts were created after March 1, 2020. About 16.4% of the programs announced cardiothoracic surgery residence/fellowship virtual open house on different social media platforms or official websites; however, virtual sub-internships were not found.
Of note, all programs had representative websites that were easily identifiable by a Google search. Eighty-seven of 122 programs (71.3%) had social media accounts for the program director. There were 95 program directors for 122 programs, and 74.7% of program directors had some form of personal social media presence across platforms.
The content creation survey response rate was 20.9% for a total of 36 accounts with information on content creators. Trainees managed or comanaged content creation in 63.9% of all social media accounts. Specifically, trainees managed or comanaged content creation for 94% of the training program's social media accounts, whereas 66.7% of departmental-level accounts' social media content was managed by a communication professional from the media department, marketing team, or program administrator.
Twitter
There were 72 Twitter accounts; 55 were departmental level accounts, and 17 were training program accounts, as shown in Table 1. Most training program Twitter accounts were created after the pandemic, P = .004 (Figure 1). The median number of residency accounts' tweets per month (based on available data from 133 accounts) increased significantly after the pandemic from 0 (range, 0.3-31.1 tweets) to 4 (range, 0-14.9 tweets); P = .005 (Table 1). Trainees managed content creation for all Twitter training program accounts, and 68.2% of all Twitter accounts responded to the survey.
Table 1Twitter descriptive statistics for the cardiothoracic surgery programs
Thirty-one accounts were identified on Instagram: 19 were departmental, and 12 were training program accounts (Table 2). Most training program Instagram accounts were created after the pandemic (P = .001). Trainees managed content creation of 80% of training programs' Instagram accounts and 75% of all Instagram accounts.
Table 2Instagram descriptive statistics for the cardiothoracic surgery programs
Thirty-four accounts were identified on Facebook: 3 residency accounts and 31 department accounts (Table 3). There was no significant change in the number of residency accounts number, before or after the pandemic (P = .42) (Figure 1 and Table 3). Trainees created content for 33% of all Facebook accounts.
Table 3Facebook descriptive statistics for the cardiothoracic surgery programs
In this first study assessing the use of social media platforms by academic cardiothoracic surgery programs during the COVID pandemic, we found that (1) most academic cardiothoracic surgery programs have at least 1 social media platform, with Twitter being the most common; (2) social media presence by cardiothoracic surgery training programs and departments has increased during the pandemic, and that (3) trainees largely manage content on cardiothoracic social media accounts. The findings have several relevant implications.
With the COVID-19 pandemic, in-person interviews, hospital tours, preinterview mixers, and social breaks have been replaced by one virtual interview, losing the social aspect of the interview and, along with it, the “gut feeling” that a program is right for the residency or fellowship candidate. Digital presence comes in many forms, and it is important for programs to have up to date social media and websites to highlight their faculty and trainees, and attract candidates.
While training program social media accounts are meant to attract potential future trainees, departmental accounts tend to attract a different following—primarily potential patients and employees.
Our study showed that Instagram accounts for training programs saw the most growth recently, and most accounts were created after the pandemic. A similar trend was seen in other specialties in recent years.
Coalition for physician accountability releases recommendations on 2021-22 residency season interviewing. The match, national resident matching program.
Instagram is viewed as the most highly engaged social platform, and users regularly interact with posts, whereas Twitter is the least engaged platform. Forty percent of adults use Instagram, about double that of Twitter.
So, although the largest increase in social media use noted in this study was on Instagram, the most commonly used social media platform by cardiothoracic surgery residency programs overall was Twitter. Twitter is used by 22% of the US population, and one study shows that Twitter users, on average, have a greater level of education than the general public.
It is a platform that is generally preferred by professionals in the medical field as a means of networking, circulating research, advocacy, and showing one's accomplishments. In one study evaluating the use of Twitter among residency applicants, the majority of applicants reported using the platform to gain information about residency programs.
The recent rise in Instagram use is likely a reflection of the current generational makeup of current trainees and prospective candidates. Instagram does not have the character limitations of Twitter, relies on visual media such as pictures and videos rather than text, and may be more useful to showcase the social aspects of a training program. However, a direct comparison of the platform preferences between academic programs versus the general population is not possible.
The results demonstrate how cardiothoracic training programs increased social media presence during the pandemic. We hypothesize this was to maximize the outreach for candidates and highlight critical areas for future direction. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, medical education and the process of the medical residency program application cycle have dramatically changed. Zoom meetings, virtual interviews, online teaching, and telehealth are the norm nowadays. Our results showed a significant “surge” in residency accounts created and residency accounts' tweets posted after March 2020, coinciding with the initial period of the COVID pandemic. Similarly, these findings were parallel to other specialties' findings on social media usage.
Coalition for physician accountability releases recommendations on 2021-22 residency season interviewing. The match, national resident matching program.
That being said, it is difficult to confidently ascertain whether the pandemic directly caused the increase in social media presence. Extrapolating from business models, adoption of new technology follows an S curve with 4 stages: initial slow growth, rapid growth, late-stage slow growth, and stationary demand. Whether the year of the pandemic just happened to coincide with the stage of rapid growth, or did the pandemic itself shift the curve for an earlier rapid growth stage is not certain. We favor the latter, as we believe that the pandemic may have served as a catalyst for social media adoption.
Other benefits of social media should not be overlooked. Corsini and colleagues
highlighted the little-talked-about benefits of social media for underrepresented minorities, specifically for women in surgery, in networking, sponsorship and mentorship. Women remain a minority in surgical fields, and women surgeons often report that lack of mentorship is a prominent barrier for career selection. Mentorship and networking for women physicians through social media has been found to be successful and highly desired by mentees in cardiothoracic surgery as well as other medical fields.
Social media and other virtual platforms help to bridge the gap and connect individuals who may not have in-person opportunities.
One key finding from the present study is the fact that trainees manage almost all training program social media platforms and a large number of department accounts, keeping in mind that in some instances, the departmental accounts include the training program accounts and there is no separation of accounts. That is concerning because medical training lacks social media training. Another concern is that trainees likely do not get protected time nor reimbursement for their time spent on work-related social media matters. When the lines are blurred, there is room for error, unprofessional behavior, and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act violations.
Portraying a professional online persona while demonstrating the enjoyable and humane aspect of residency to prospective candidates and the rest of the world is not a simple task. Social media is a powerful tool that can have many benefits when used properly. However, it can be a double-edged sword. Improper use of social media has led to retracted peer-reviewed papers and even termination of employment.
Providing trainees proper training in social media and adequate ancillary support to do it is needed. Social media training has been shown to decrease inappropriate or unprofessional online behavior.
Although we all agree that doctors are human and they make mistakes, the reality is that doctors are held to a higher standard in the eyes of their colleagues and the public.
To mitigate this, several medical associations, such as the American Medical Association and American Medical Student Association, have published material on social media etiquette.
There are also ethical standards in social media participation published specifically pertaining to cardiothoracic surgery, and we suggest its incorporation into the residency curriculum.
This study has several limitations. First, this is an observational study of publicly accessible accounts. It is unknown whether there are private accounts that some programs send specific invites to medical students or interview candidates. Second, given the rapidly growing nature of social media that could cause chronologically dependent variability, we are limited by the events and programs up to the “last accessed date” of each account by this study's authors. Some platforms, such as Instagram, have time-limited features or vanishing content, and therefore we have no access to that if it was created in the past. Moreover, we do not have data on the social media accounts of prospective candidates, nor of individual faculty accounts that post or tweet on behalf of their institutions if there are institutional restrictions on departmental account creation. Finally, a report on the actual individual content of tweets and posts is beyond the scope of this paper. As such, we are unable to assess the intent of the increase of social media presence, nor are we able to estimate whether this increased utilization was more effective in terms of candidate recruitment. Notwithstanding these limitations, we believe the results are timely and essential for trainees and training programs to be aware of to find and provide the most relevant information on these rapidly expanding platforms.
In this study, we viewed the increased social media presence as a positive, and that programs have “adapted” to the constraints of the pandemic. It would be prudent to balance the discussion with an opposing view, mentioning the potential negative effects of social media. These include digital overload, peer pressure, unrealistic expectations by candidates about programs or the fear of missing out (ie, “FOMO”), and trainee distraction. Indeed, several strategies of mental wellbeing include digital minimalism. These should be taken into consideration when analyzing the impact of social media.
In conclusion, cardiothoracic surgery training programs and departments have adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic by increasing their social media presence, particularly on Instagram. Social media presence is largely driven and managed by trainees. Cardiothoracic training programs should invest in their social media presence to maximize their virtual reach and develop social media education and training pathways for involved trainees and faculty. Even as we emerge from the pandemic, social media is here to stay, and residency programs and departments will have to continue to adapt to the changing digital world. This generation will also soon become our patients, and being able to speak their language is an essential part of increasing trust in health care.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors reported no conflicts of interest.
The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.
Appendix E1
Table E1List of institutions and training programs with their respective social media accounts
Educational institution and program type
Twitter
Instagram
Facebook
Program director
Program director SoMe platform
University of Alabama Medical Center
UABSurgery
Independent
Wei
LinkedIn
University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson
UofAZSurgery
uofazsurgery
Independent
UAsurgery
Fox
LinkedIn
UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
UCLASurgery
Independent
Shemin
Twitter
University of California (San Francisco)
UCSFSurgery
ucsfsurgery
Independent
SurgeryFresnoUCSF
Kratz
LinkedIn
Stanford Health Care-Sponsored Stanford University
StanfordCTSurg
Independent
stanfordctsurg
StanfordSurgery
Fischbein
Integrated
Fischbein
Congenital
Mainwaring
LinkedIn
Loma Linda University Health Education Consortium
Independent
Razzouk
LinkedIn
University of California (San Diego) Medical Center
UCSDsurgery
humansofsurgery
Independent
Thistlethwaite
LinkedIn
University of California Davis Health
UCDavisSurgery
Independent
UcSurgery
ucdavissurgery
CardiothoracicSurgery
Cooke
LinkedIn + Twitter
Integrated
Raff
University of Southern California
FightOnThoracic
usccardiacsurgery
Independent
USCCardiacSurgery
Baker
LinkedIn + Twitter
Integrated
Baker
LinkedIn + Twitter
Congenital
Cleveland
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
DeptSurgeryCS
Independent
Cheng
Integrated
Cheng
University of Colorado
CUDeptSurg
Independent
Fullerton
Congenital
Jaggers
LinkedIn
Educational institution and program type
Twitter
Instagram
Facebook
Program director
Program director's SoMe platform
Yale-New Haven
YaleCardiacSurg
yalectsurgery
Independent
Detterbeck
LinkedIn
Integrated
yalectsurgery
Detterbeck
LinkedIn
University of Florida
UFSurgery
Independent
Manning
LinkedIn
Integrated
Manning
LinkedIn
University of Miami/Jackson Health System
Independent
Lamelas
LinkedIn + Twitter
Emory University School of Medicine
EmoryCTSurgery
Independent
emorycardiothoracicsurgery
EmoryCardiacSurgeryResidency
Pickens
LinkedIn + Twitter
Integrated
Pickens
LinkedIn + Twitter
Congenital
Shashidharan
LinkedIn
McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University
NM_Lung
Independent
NorthwesternMedicineThoracicSurgeryChicagoIL
Malaisrie
Twitter
Integrated
Malaisrie
Twitter
Congenital
Monge
Rush University Medical Center
RushSurgery
Independent
rushctsurgery
Seder
LinkedIn
University of Chicago
uchicagosurgery
Independent
UChicagoCTSurg
UChicagoSurgery
Ferguson
LinkedIn
Loyola University Medical Center
LoyolaSurgery
Independent
loyolathoraciccvfellows
Perez-Tamayo
LinkedIn
Indiana University School of Medicine
IU_Surgery
IU_surgery
Independent
Iusurgery
Lee
LinkedIn
Integrated
Lee
LinkedIn
Educational institution and program type
Twitter
Instagram
Facebook
Program director
PD SoMe platform
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
UIowa_Surgery
UIowa_surgery
Independent
Keech
LinkedIn
Integrated
Keech
LinkedIn
University of Kansas School of Medicine
KU_Surgery
KUMedicalCenterDepartmentofSurgery
Independent
Daon
Congenital
O'Brien
LinkedIn
University of Louisville School of Medicine
UofL_cts
Independent
UofLCTSurgery
Slaughter
LinkedIn
University of Kentucky College of Medicine
UKSurgeryDept
Independent
ThoracicUk
UKCardiothoracicSurgeryClinic
Meyerson
Twitter
Integrated
Meyerson
Twitter
Ochsner Clinic Foundation
Independent
Gaudet
LinkedIn
Johns Hopkins University
HopkinsCTSurg
Independent
University of Maryland
MarylandSurg
Independent
MarylandCTSurg
Kilic
Twitter
Independent
Forbess
LinkedIn
Integrated
Forbess
LinkedIn
Massachusetts General Hospital
MGHSurgery
MGHthoracicsurgery
Independent
MGHctsurgery
Morse
LinkedIn
Congenital
Fynn-Thompson
LinkedIn
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
BIDMCSurgery
Independent
Gangadharan
LinkedIn + Twitter
Tufts Medical Center
Independent
Chen
Brigham and Women's Hospital
BrighamThoracic
Independent
Jaklitsch
Twitter
Integrated
Jaklitsch
Twitter
Educational institution and program type
Twitter
Instagram
Facebook
Program director
Program director SoMe platform
University of Michigan Health System
UMichSurgery
Michigan_surgery
Independent
UMichCTSurgery
Chang
Integrated
Chang
Congenital
Romano
Twitter
University of Minnesota
UMNSurgery
Independent
Department-of-Surgery-University-of-Minnesota
Kelly
LinkedIn
Mayo Clinic Rochester
MayoClinicCVS
Independent
Shen
LinkedIn
University of Mississippi Medical Center
UMMCsurgery
Independent
UMMC_ctsurgres
UMMC_ctsurgres
UMMCsurgery
de Delva
LinkedIn
Washington University/B-JH/SLCH Consortium
WashU_CT
WashUsurg
Independent
UWCTSurgRes
WashUSurgery
Puri
Congenital
Eghtesady
LinkedIn
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Independent
Lackner
Rutgers Health/Newark Beth Israel Medical Center
Independent
Karanam
LinkedIn
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
MSK_Thoracic
Independent
Huang
LinkedIn
Albany Medical Center
Independent
Fabian
LinkedIn
New York Presbyterian Hospital (Cornell Campus)
WCM_CTSurgery
WCMsurgery
Independent
Girardi
Integrated
Argenziano
LinkedIn
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
SHSSurgery
Sinaithoracic
Independent
Adams
Integrated
Boateng
Educational institution and program type
Twitter
Instagram
Facebook
Program director
Program director SoMe platform
Oregon Health & Science University
OHSUsurgery
Independent
Schipper
Temple University Hospital
TempleSurgery
Independent
Erkmen
Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center
PSU_Surgery
Independent
Reed
LinkedIn
University of Pennsylvania Health System
pennsurgery
pennsurgery
Independent
Cevasco
Integrated
Cevasco
Congenital
Fuller
LinkedIn
UPMC Medical Education
UPMC_CTSurgery
Independent
upmc_ctsurg
Schuchert
LinkedIn
Integrated
Schuchert
LinkedIn
Allegheny Health Network Medical Education Consortium (AGH)
Independent
McGregor
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Independent
VUMCSurgRes
Nesbitt
Methodist Hospital (Houston)
HMethodistCV
HMSurgicalAssociatesWest
Independent
Reul
Twitter
Baylor University Medical Center
Independent
DiMaio
LinkedIn
University of Texas Medical Branch Hospitals
UTMB_CTSurgery
Independent
Lick
LinkedIn
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center/University of Texas Medical School at Houston
Independent
Antonoff
LinkedIn + Twitter
Spectrum Health/Michigan State University
MSU_Surgery
MSUsurgery
Independent
Spurlock
Educational institution and program type
Twitter
Instagram
Facebook
Program director
Program director SoMe platform
Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Independent
DeRose
LinkedIn
Integrated
DeRose
LinkedIn
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
Independent
LICTSurgeon
Manetta
LinkedIn
Integrated
Manetta
LinkedIn
NYU Grossman School of Medicine
Independent
Grossi
LinkedIn
Integrated
Grossi
LinkedIn
University of Rochester
URochesterSurg
urmc.ct.surgery
Independent
URMCsurgeryresidency
Peyre
LinkedIn
Integrated
Peyre
LinkedIn
Vidant Medical Center
ECUSurgery
Independent
ECU_Thoracic
ECUSurgery
Speicher
LinkedIn
Wake Forest University School of Medicine
Independent
Kincaid
Duke University Hospital
DukeCTSurgery
Dukesurgery
Independent
Haney
LinkedIn
Integrated
Haney
LinkedIn
Congenital
Turek
Twitter
Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
Coalition for physician accountability releases recommendations on 2021-22 residency season interviewing. The match, national resident matching program.
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